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Authors
Zhang, Shuge https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6935-8831
Boardley, Ian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5651-7816
Liu, Jingdong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3383-061X
Woolf, Jules https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9069-5285
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
World Anti-Doping Agency (19271)
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Article History
Received: 3 April 2025
Accepted: 23 August 2025
First Online: 2 September 2025
Declarations
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: Ethics approval was first obtained through WADA’s internal ethics review prior to ethics approval from the lead author’s institution when conducting the study (University of Derby; reference number ETH2122-4873). The ethics approval was then filed with the Co-I’s institutions (i.e., University of Birmingham, Sun Yat-Sen University, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) to allow data collection via the associated networks. Participants’ informed consent was obtained prior to participating in the study.
: Participants provided consent for publication prior to partaking in this study, given that no identifiable data were collected or stored for analytical or reporting purposes.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
