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Authors
Cales, Richard H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8426-7110
Bishop, Campbell L.
Huecker, Martin R. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5214-2885
Shreffler, Jacob https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6023-0594
Eisenstat, Matthew D. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4369-1334
Troutt, D. J.
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Article History
Received: 29 January 2025
Accepted: 21 October 2025
First Online: 18 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ethics approval—including written, informed patient consent—was approved by the University of Louisville Institutional Review Board (Reference #720177).
: Not applicable.
: Richard Cales, MD, reports a relationship with NuLease Medical Solutions, LLC, that includes consulting or advisory and non-financial support. Limited to private contractor (non-employee) as Chief Medical Officer, NuLease Medical Solutions, LLC. Spouse of Shannon C. Cales, MHA, who is sole owner of NuLease Medical Solutions, LLC. D. J. Troutt, MA, reports a relationship with NuLease Medical Solutions, LLC, that includes employment.
