Document is current

Article History

Received: 4 June 2025

Accepted: 16 December 2025

First Online: 5 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Research ethics approval was obtained from the Providence Health Care/University of British Columbia Research Ethics Board (certificate H17-03158). All participants in the study provided informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: Evan Wood is a physician who works for Vancouver Coastal Health in the area of withdrawal management and undertakes work in the area of occupational addiction medicine. Dr. Wood is also a professor of medicine based at the University of British Columbia (UBC), a position supported by a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Tier 1 Canada Research Chair, and has received salary support from an R01 from the US National Institute on Drug Abuse, paid to UBC. Dr. Wood’s research lab is further supported by CIHR grants to the Canadian Research Initiative in Substance Misuse. Dr. Wood has also undertaken consulting work in legal matters related to substance use disorders and for a mental health company called Numinus Wellness, where Dr. Wood is former chief medical officer; Dr. Wood has also received compensation in the form of equity in Numinus. Dr. Wood reports receiving honoraria for non-industry related academic lectures and conference presentations. Dr. Wood has also received payment for expert reports and expert testimony in legal matters pertaining to substance use disorder, including from the Canadian Medical Protective Association and from trade unions representing workers with possible substance use disorder. Dr. Wood has received travel support from the CIHR.All other authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.