Document is current

Article History

Received: 5 June 2025

Accepted: 7 January 2026

First Online: 13 February 2026

Change Date: 18 March 2026

Change Type: Update

Change Details: The original online version of this article was revised: The Abstract has been updated in the article PDF.

Declarations

:

: Ethics approval was obtained from the University of Sydney Human Ethics Committee [ID: 2023/029] and informed consent was obtained from participants at the beginning of the data collection survey. The online operator provided account data for their customers, who agree for their de-identified data to be shared with approved third parties during registration. Individuals who took part in the survey were aware that we would collect their account data before they provided consent.

: Not applicable.

: RH has worked on a project funded by Responsible Wagering Australia (a representative body of Australian online wagering operators; University of Sydney, 2019-2021) and as an independent, sub-contracted statistical consultant for PRET Solutions Inc on a commissioned project (funded by the Australian Casino operator Crown; 2023). RH has received funding from the International Center for Responsible Gaming (ICRG) and the Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney. DC has worked on projects funded through the University of Sydney from West HQ and the ICRG. GF and ELYH have worked on projects funded through the ICRG, awarded to SG and RH.SG has received direct and indirect funding since 2020 through the University of Sydney from Australian Leisure and Hospitality Group Pty Ltd, Entain Australia, Sportsbet, NSW Office of Responsible Gambling, West HQ, Brain and Mind Centre, Cambridge Health Alliance, Aristocrat Leisure Limited, and ICRG. SG has received consulting funds for providing subject matter expertise for New Zealand Crown Counsel, NSW Liquor & Gaming Authority, New Zealand Gaming Machine Association, Singapore Ministry of Health, Betcloud, NZ BlueCloud, UK Behavioural Insights Team, KPMG, QBE, Coms Systems Limited, Advance Gaming (NZ) Limited, GambleAware, Star Entertainment, GREO, Senet, and Norths Collective. SG has received honorarium and/or travel costs for presentations for Cyprus National Betting Authority, Asian Racing Federation, Leagues Club Australia, Australian Cricketers Association, Star Entertainment, CAMH, Behavioural Insights Team, National Council on Problem Gambling, GambleAware, GREO, Informa, and Washington State Council, European Lotteries Association. SG holds unpaid appointments as an invited member on the NSW Independent Panel on Gambling Reform, is the Pillar Champion for Technology and Environment for the QLD Responsible Gambling Advisory Committee, is a board member for the Asian Racing Federation Council on Anti-Illegal Betting and Related Financial Crime. SG receives an honorarium for her role as Co-Editor-in-Chief for International Gambling Studies from Taylor & Francis.