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Authors
Jawa, Raagini
Shang, Margaret
Ismail, Samia
Murray, Stephen
Murray-Krezan, Cristina
Zheng, Yihao
Mackin, Sarah
Washington, Kenny
Alvarez, Pedro
Dillon, Jaime
McMurtrie, Gary
Walley, Alexander Y.
Liebschutz, Jane M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NIDA (K12DA050607)
NIDA (K12DA050607)
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Article History
Received: 23 July 2025
Accepted: 9 June 2026
First Online: 17 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study (STUDY23050111) was reviewed by the University of Pittsburgh Human Research Protection Office and determined to meet the regulatory requirements for exempt research under 45 CFR 46.104(d). As such, ethics approval was not required, and informed consent was waived as the research used anonymized data and posed minimal risk to participants.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
