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Authors
Lin, Kaibin
Jiang, Tingting
Liao, Jiafen
Zhou, Xianrun
Wang, Zheng
Chen, Yiyue
Xu, Xi
Zhou, Bing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department (23C0427, 23A0643)
Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (2021JJ40841, 2021JJ40841)
Research on education and teaching reform of Central South University (2023jy087-3, 2023jy087-3)
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Article History
Received: 30 January 2025
Accepted: 28 July 2025
First Online: 26 August 2025
Declarations
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: This study utilized publicly available data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Ethical approval for CHARLS was granted by the Peking University Biomedical Ethics Review Committee (Approval Number: IRB00001052-11015). All participants provided written informed consent prior to data collection. This study strictly adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring confidentiality and anonymity of the data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
