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Authors
Mensah, Nana Akwasi Owusu https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6428-7676
Boateng, Josephine Ampomah https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3522-5012
Osei Duah Junior, Isaiah https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4501-8602
Andoh, Albert Kwadjo Amoah https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5035-3655
Osei, Godsway Commanda https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9577-1599
Kyeremeh, Sylvester https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7916-0175
Agyekum, Sylvia https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7347-4159
Agbeshie, Gabriel Kwaku https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6135-7111
Eisenbarth, Werner https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2142-6513
Akuffo, Kwadwo Owusu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6683-249X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hochschule für angewandte Wissenschaften München
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Article History
Received: 21 November 2025
Accepted: 4 June 2026
First Online: 27 June 2026
Declarations
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: The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and ethical approval was obtained from the Committee on Human Research, Publication and Ethics (CHRPE), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana (CHRPE/AP/1245/24). Permission was sought from district health directorates and community heads. Written and informed consent was obtained from the study participants and their parents or guardians. Consent forms were available in both English and Twi, the predominant languages in the Ashanti Region. In cases where necessary, the consent form was read out to the participant and their guardian.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
