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Authors
Zhao, Liangyu
Gao, Yan
Liu, Chenchen
Zhang, Zeqi
Yang, Yuke
Hu, Yining
Sui, Wenze
Ma, Sen
Zhang, Shuoqin
Lai, Xinxin
Wang, Zhiying
Yang, Zhiwen
Yi, Xiangren
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (21BTY054)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2024YFC3607603)
National Population Health Data Center (202409A07)
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Article History
Received: 6 February 2026
Accepted: 8 June 2026
First Online: 10 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong University [Approval No. 20180517]. Adolescents and their parents/guardians gave informed consent prior to taking part in the study.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
