Document is current

Article History

Received: 20 May 2025

Accepted: 8 July 2025

First Online: 16 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The research protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Retrospective studies that have received grant support are exempt from the requirement for a separate ethics statement). Due to the retrospective nature of the study, the requirement for informed consent was waived. All data were anonymized prior to analysis to ensure confidentiality and privacy. According to Article 39 of the Chinese Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (2016), retrospective analyses of anonymized clinical data may be exempt from individual consent if the research poses no more than minimal risk and the waiver does not adversely affect participants’ rights or welfare.

: The authors declare no competing interests.