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Article History

Received: 20 October 2025

Accepted: 8 January 2026

First Online: 27 January 2026

Declarations

:

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Qingdao University Affiliated Hospital (approval No. QYFY WZCC 30265).

: All participants provided written consent for the publication of anonymised data collected during the study. No identifiable information about participants will be disclosed in this publication.Consent for publication of case study details, including anonymised narratives, was obtained from all individuals involved.

: The authors declare no competing interests.