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Authors
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SMX126005)
Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (RS-2025-09452988)
Ministry of Health and Welfare (RS-2024-00437038)
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Article History
Received: 8 June 2026
Accepted: 5 September 2026
First Online: 17 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center (IRB No. 2026-07-141). The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Because the study was a retrospective analysis of pre-existing de-identified clinical data, the IRB waived the requirement for written informed consent from individual patients.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s identifying data (images, videos, or details that would permit identification of a specific patient). All clinical data presented are de-identified and reported in aggregate or as anonymized patient-level summaries.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
