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Article History

Received: 21 June 2024

Accepted: 28 September 2024

First Online: 10 October 2024

Declarations

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: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: CA declares personal fees from Merck, Medea, Event Planet, IBSA, Ely Lilly and Biogen; and payment or honoraria from Merck, Medea, Event Planet, IBSA and Ferring. PH declares unrestricted research grants from Gedeon Richter, Merck and IBSA; and receipt of honoraria for lectures from Merck, IBSA, and Gedeon Richter. RF has received honoraria for lectures from Merck Healthcare KGaA, Medea and Event Planet. AC declares personal fees from Merck, Medea and Event Planet outside the submitted work; and payment of honoraria from Merck, Medea and Event Planet. MHD has received payment or honoraria from EMD Serono and Ferring; payment for expert testimony from EMD Serono; and has participated on Data Safety Monitoring Boards or Advisory Boards for EMD Serono, Ferring and Organon. ALaM reports receipt of consulting fees from Merck, IBSA, Organon, Ferring, Gedeon Richter, and Theramex; and payment or honoraria from Merck, ISBA, Organon, Ferring, Theramex and Gedeon Richter. RO reports receipt of a grant from Merck Sharp and Dohme; and speaker fees from Merck, IBSA and Ferring; and he is co-Editor-in-Chief of Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. NP has received Research grants from Merck Serono, Organon, Ferring Pharmaceutical, Roche Daignosics, Theramex, IBSA and Besins Healthcare; consulting fees from Merck Serono, Organon, Besins Healthcare and IBSA; and payment or honoraria for lectures from Merck Serono, Organon, Theramex, Roche Diagnostics, IBSA, Besins Healthcare and Ferring. MR has received payment or honoraria from Merck. SKS has received consulting fees from Merck; and payment or honoraria for lectures from Merck Ferring and MSD. FMU is the president of SIFES-MR (the Italian Society of Fertility, Sterility and Reproductive Medicine); has received consulting fees from Merck; and payment or honoraria from Merck, IBSA, Organon and Ferring. LV has received grants from MSD; payment or honoraria from Merck, MSD and Ferring; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Merck, MSD and Ferring; and participated on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Ferring. HY declares receipt of honorarium for lectures from Merck, Roche and Medea. TDH and SL are employees of Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. SCE has received consulting fees from Merck, Medea, and Event Planet; payment or honoraria from Merck, Medea and Event Planet; and is an advisory board member for Nature Reviews Urology (unpaid), Head, Andrology Committee, Brazilian Society of Human Reproduction (unpaid), and is the Co-chair of the Male Infertility Group, WHO Infertility Guidelines (unpaid).