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Authors
Penzias, Rebecca E.
Ohuma, Eric O.
Odedere, Opeyemi
Dosunmu, Olabisi
Okello, George
Mwaniki, Hannah
Tillya, Robert
Shabani, Josephine
Ngwala, Samuel K.
Zimba, Evelyn
Ogero, Morris Ondieki
Bohne, Christine A.
Tongo, Olukemi
Ezeaka, Veronica Chinyere
Ochieng, Vincent O.
Rashid, Ekran
Macharia, William M.
Wainaina, John
Kassim, Irabi
Shamba, Donat
Salim, Nahya
Soko, Grace T.
Chiume, Msandeni
Tarus, Alice
Gicheha, Edith
Thomas, Julius
Jenkins, Georgia
Cross, James H.
Kamuyu, Rosemary
Chen, Junwei
Cousens, Simon
Molyneux, Elizabeth M.
Oden, Maria
Richards-Kortum, Rebecca
Lawn, Joy E.
Gathara, David
,
Sipalo, Mbozu
Alooh, Millicent
Adudans, Steve
Mochache, Dolphine
Mchoma, Christina
Bilitinyu, Joseph
Chalamanda, Pius
Dzinkambani, Mirriam
Mhango, Ruth
Stevens, Fanny
Mulungu, Joseph
Makhumula, Blessings
Banda, Loveness
Banda, Charles
Chumbi, Brian
Banda, Chifundo
Chimombo, Evelyn
Nyasulu, Nicodemus
Ndau, Innocent
Kumwembe, Pilirani
Kerubo, Edna
Ambuso, Nyphry
Koech, Kevin
Waithaka, Noel
Wakhungu, Calet
Otieno, Steven
Bahati, Felix
Ayaga, Josphine
Obure, Jedida
Nderitu, Nellius
Mtambo, Violet
Mkude, George
Miraji, Mustapha
Shayo, Caroline
Nambombi, Camilius
Cyrilo, Christopher
Aderounmu, Temilade
Wale, Akingbehin Wakeel
Yemisi, Odeleye Victoria
Dupe, Akinola Amudalat
Awolowo, Samuel
Oluwaseun, A. Ojelabi
Ovuoraye, John Ajiwohwodoma
Mujaid, Balogun Adeleke
Fetuga, Adedoyin
Okanlawon, Juilana
Awosika, Flora
Michael, Awotayo Olasupo
Abiodun, Omotayo Adegboyega
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
ELMA Philanthropies
The Children’s Investment Fund Foundation UK
The Lemelson Foundation
The Sall Family Foundation
The Ting Tsung and Wei Fong Chao Foundation
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Article History
Received: 17 March 2025
Accepted: 9 October 2025
First Online: 12 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was received in each country from a local institutional review board (Additional File ) and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine ethics committee (no. 21892). The NEST360 Alliance data sharing agreement covered data sharing between organisations. No individual consent was required for the study as no personal identification data were included.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
