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Authors
Tamrat, Tigest
Muliokela, Rosemary K
Hussen, Abdulaziz Mohammed
Maya, Ernest Tei
Endehabtu, Berhanu Fikadie
Dery, Samuel
Telake, Hanna Abayneh
Asante, Jessica
Nigusie, Adane
Thwin, Soe Soe
Probert, Will
Barreix, Maria
da-Costa Vroom, Frances Baaba
Afagbedzi, Seth
Abroso, Angela
Workineh, Haimanot Ambelu
Atweam, Dominic Kwabena
Senya, Kafui
Gurmu, Kassu Ketema
Garcia-Camacho, Gabriela
Ratanaprayul, Natschja
Dalal, Shona
Tunçalp, Ӧzge
Malumo, Sarai
Kidula, Nancy
Say, Lale
Tilahun, Binyam
Guure, Chris
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UNDP-UNFPA-UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), a cosponsored programme executed by the World Health Organization
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
President’s Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief through the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Article History
Received: 8 October 2024
Accepted: 3 September 2025
First Online: 9 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the WHO/HRP Research Project Review Panel (RP2), the WHO Ethical Review Committee (A66031) and the National Ethics Committees of the two countries [University of Gondar, Ethiopia Institutional Review Board (VP/RTT/05/752/2024) and Ghana Health Service Ethics Review Committee (GHS-ERC: 025/07/22)]. The entire research team will take necessary measures to ensure the safety of the participants.
: Not applicable – this manuscript does not include individual person’s data in any form.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
