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Co-creation, co-design or co-production? Reflections on the development of urban health systems implementation strategies to improve access and quality of primary healthcare services in Bangladesh, Ghana, Nepal and Nigeria

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-026-01467-4

Published Online: 2026-04-27

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Elsey, Helen

Potier, Francis

Das, Mahua

Baral, Sushil Chandra

Huque, Rumana

Joshi, Deepak

Barua, Deepa

Okailey, Genevieve Aryeetey

Nwameme, Adanna

Mbachu, Chinyere

Wallace, Lauren Jean

Odopey, Selase

Kumapley, Delali

Agyepong, Irene

Onwujekwe, Obinna
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (301132)
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-04-27

Version of Record valid from 2026-05-21
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Article History

Received: 28 April 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 27 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Our paper is based on the analysis of co-design workshop and reports and reflective discussions among the research team. As such, our paper does not use any primary data collected from research participants. However, we do have ethical approval for the co-design process and the needs assessment work conducted before the co-design phase from the Bangladesh Medical Research Committee, Nepal Health Research Council, University of Nigeria IRB; Ghana Health Services Research Governance Committee and the School of Medicine Research Ethics Committee University of Leeds, UK.

: All authors have reviewed the final manuscript and agreed to publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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