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Article History

Received: 17 December 2024

Accepted: 20 April 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study did not require ethical approval as it used an unidentifiable secondary Household Income and Expenditure Survey dataset. According to the BBS, written informed consent was obtained from respondents and mothers/caretakers on behalf of the children enrolled in the survey.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.