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Authors
Chapola, John C.
Kleber, Selena L.
Krown, Susan E.
Painschab, Matthew
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (K01TW011470 and U54CA254564.)
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Article History
Received: 13 March 2025
Accepted: 10 November 2025
First Online: 24 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from all responsible regulatory bodies before the initiation of the study at each site. We also received approval from the University of North Carolina IRB (Reference ID: 431453) on May 19th, 2024, and from the Malawi National Health Science Research Committee (NHSRC) (Protocol Number: #23/12/4308: AMC114) on July 19th, 2024. All study participants provided written informed consent before their enrollment. The study was also registered on ClinicalTrials.gov with the identification number “NCT05411237” before its initiation.
: Consent for publication will be obtained from all individuals whose personal data, including details, are included in this manuscript. As the study involves participants aged 18 and above, consent will be obtained directly from each individual. All reports will have consent for publication. If requested, a copy of the consent form will be provided.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
