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Authors
Mcmeekin, Nicola
Davies, Andrew
Petrie, Mark C.
Campbell, Ross T.
Lowe, David J.
Murphy, Clare L.
Macklin, Leeanne
Brooksbank, Katriona
Wu, Olivia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
AstraZeneca (Unrestricted grant)
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Article History
Received: 5 November 2024
Accepted: 15 December 2025
First Online: 6 January 2026
Declarations
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: The OPERA study was performed according to the UK Policy Framework for Health and Social Care Research and the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the West of Scotland Research Ethics Committee (REC) (20/SW/0182) and the Health Research Authority (HRA).
: The Health Economics and Health Technology Assessment (HEHTA) Unit at the University of Glasgow (where NM, OW, AD are based) received a research grant from AstraZeneca to conduct this research. MP has received research funding from Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, SQ Innovations, Astra Zeneca, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Pharmacosmos, and consultancy and Trial committees – Akero, Applied Therapeutics, Amgen, AnaCardio, Biosensors, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Astra Zeneca, Novo Nordisk, Abbvie, Bayer, Horizon Therapeutics, Takeda, Cardiorentis, Pharmacosmos, Siemens, Eli Lilly, Vifor, New Amsterdam, Moderna, Teikoku, LIB Therapeutics, 3R Lifesciences. DJL has received grants from AstraZeneca, Roche, Qure.ai. and has received speakers honoraria from AstraZeneca and Boerhinger Ingelheim. CM has received research grant for OPERA (Astra Zeneca) and speaker honoraria from Astra Zeneca and Novartis. LM has received funding from AstraZeneca for education talks. KB has no conflicts of interest. RTC has received consultancy honoraria from Bayer for speaking honoraria from AstraZeneca.
