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A retrospective assessment of COVID-19 vulnerability index indicators and mortality rates pre-COVID-19 (2018–2020) and during COVID-19 (2020–2022) in a health and demographic surveillance site, Soweto, South Africa

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-025-00387-9

Published Online: 2025-06-20

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Machemedze, Takwanisa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9308-7525
Kabudula, Chodziwadziwa Whiteson

Bashingwa, Jean Juste Harrisson

Barr, Beth A. Tippett

Myburgh, Nellie

Mahtab, Sana

Hwinya, Cleopas

Tollman, Stephen

Dangor, Ziyaad

Madhi, Shabir A.
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-06-20

Version of Record valid from 2025-06-20
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Article History

Received: 17 January 2024

Accepted: 27 May 2025

First Online: 20 June 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for the HDSS was obtained from the University of Witwatersrand’s Human Ethics Research Committee.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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