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Authors
Azongo, Daniel K. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0210-3906
Awine, Timothy
Kabudula, Chodziwadziwa W.
Oladokun, Samuel
Barr, Beth A. Tippett
Bashingwa, Jean
Ayaga, Bawa
Abu, Mumuni
Ansah, Patrick Adum
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-030309)
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-050361)
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Article History
Received: 9 February 2024
Accepted: 27 May 2025
First Online: 26 June 2025
Declarations
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: The Navrongo Health Research Centre Institutional Review Board (NHRC-IRB) granted ethical approval for collecting the Navrongo HDSS data with the registration number NHRC-IRB115. Before the start of data collection, community consent was obtained through engagement with traditional authorities, opinion leaders, and community members. Therefore, ethical approval and individual-level consent were not required for the current study, which was solely based on the analysis of secondary data.
: Not available.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
