Document is current

Article History

Received: 3 October 2024

Accepted: 27 June 2025

First Online: 9 July 2025

Declarations

:

: All the analyses in this study are based on secondary data and, therefore, did not require ethical approval. It is noted that the Bangladesh MICS 2019 survey protocol was approved by the technical committee of the Government of Bangladesh, led by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). Before initiating the survey, respondents aged 18 and above were asked to provide verbal consent. Besides, adults provided consent for their children aged 15–17. Moreover, all the respondents were informed about voluntary participation, confidentiality and anonymity of their data and information, their right to refuse to answer all or particular questions, as well as to stop the interview at any time. For this study, we formally applied to the UNICEF MICS to access the MICS 2019 data for Bangladesh. Upon receiving the authorization, we analyzed the data and conducted the study. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant standards and guidelines.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.