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Authors
Iseme-Ondiek, Rosebella https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2043-5223
Ogero, Morris
Odhiambo, Rachael
Barr, Beth Tippett
Kabudula, Chodziwadziwa
Bashingwa, Jean J. H.
Ngugi, Anthony K.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (INV-030309, INV-050361)
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Article History
Received: 21 January 2024
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Aga Khan University Institutional Scientific and Ethical Review Committee (AKU-ISERC) (2013/IREC-65(v6); 2013/IREC-65(v7); 2013/IREC-65(v8); 2013/IREC-65(v9); 2013/IREC-65(v10)). The analyses were conducted using routine Ministry of Health surveillance data. In line with AKU-ISERC requirements, use of these data for secondary analyses and publication does not require individual informed consent. As part of the routine data collection within the Surveillance System, all residents who were enumerated provided verbal consent.
: There are no details on individuals reported within the manuscript, consequently, consent for publication is not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
