Document is current

Article History

Received: 24 September 2025

Accepted: 3 December 2025

First Online: 20 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study relied exclusively on secondary, public, and anonymized data provided by the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica (ISTAT). All data made available by ISTAT comply with Italian and European data protection regulations, including the EU General Data Protection Regulation (Regulation (EU) 2016/679, GDPR). Since the study did not involve the collection of primary data, nor any information that allows for the direct or indirect identification of individuals, no human subjects were involved, and no risks to participants were present. According to international ethical guidelines for research using anonymized secondary data, formal approval from an Ethics Committee was not required. Nevertheless, all analyses were conducted in accordance with principles of confidentiality, data integrity, and responsible data management.

: All authors agree with the publication of the manuscript in its current form.

: The authors declare no competing interests.