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Authors
Tanaka, Hirokazu
Katanoda, Kota
Nakaya, Tomoki
Togawa, Kayo
Kobayashi, Yasuki
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (23K16341)
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Article History
Received: 18 September 2025
Accepted: 15 April 2026
First Online: 28 April 2026
Declarations
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: Ethics approval was not applicable. This study is a secondary use of the Census and Vital Statistics data which were managed by the MIC and the MHLW. The MIC and the MHLW provided the data after considering data management and protection compliance in accordance with Article 33 of the Statistics Act, and we used the data in compliance with their instructions.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article. These do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization.
