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Article History

Received: 12 September 2025

Accepted: 30 April 2026

First Online: 14 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The present study involved both human tissue samples and animal models. The clinical research was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was formally approved by the Ethics Committee of the Reina Sofia University Hospital (ref. 0170-N-23). All human samples were histologically confirmed by expert pathologists and were collected, processed, and handled by the regional node of the Andalusian Biobank in Cordoba following standardized protocols. All patients provided written informed consent prior to sample collection. Regarding the preclinical studies, all experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA, Junta de Andalucía), Spain (Protocol No. 19/04/2023/13). In accordance with the approved protocol, the maximal tumor burden permitted was defined as a maximum diameter of 1.5 cm or a tumor weight exceeding 10% of the animal’s total body weight, and we confirm that these limits were not exceeded in any experimental subject. Furthermore, animals were monitored daily for humane endpoints, including body condition score, rapid weight loss (15–20%), impaired mobility, respiratory distress, dehydration, or signs of tumor ulceration and necrosis, with no subjects reaching these predefined endpoints before the scheduled completion of the experiment.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person's data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).

: The authors declare no competing interests.