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Authors
Liu, Chan-Chuan
Wu, Cheng-Lin
Wang, Chih-Yang
Lee, Jung-Shun
Chen, Pin-Yuan
Anuraga, Gangga
Solomon, Dahlak Daniel
Qiu, Li-Ying
Chien, Chia-Hung
Chang, Yung-Chieh
Chu, Jui-Mei
Huang, Chih-Yuan
Chuang, Jian-Ying
Chang, Kwang-Yu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC115-2320-B-038-004)
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC115-2811-B-006-012)
cooperation program of National Health Research Institutes and National Cheng Kung University (NHRI-NCKUMC-11306)
National Cheng Kung University (Higher Education Sprout Project)
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Article History
Received: 18 February 2026
Accepted: 1 August 2026
First Online: 8 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The reanalysis of GBM patient-derived single-cell RNA sequencing data was authorized by the Institutional Review Board of the National Health Research Institute (NHRI-EC1100206 and NHRI-EC1140202). IF staining of paired primary-recurrent GBM patient specimens for IF staining were approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (202302066B0). Animal experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the National Health Research Institute (NHRI-IACUC-112066).
Consent for publication: This manuscript has been read and approved by all the authors. It has not been submitted and considered for publication nor has it been published elsewhere.
Competing interests: All authors in this study declare no conflicts of interest.
