Cabre, Hannah E.
Drews, Kimberly L.
Pomeroy, Jeremy
Keadle, Sarah Kozey
Arteaga, S. Sonia
Franks, Paul W.
Haire-Joshu, Debra
Knowler, William C.
Pi-Sunyer, Xavier
Van Horn, Linda
Wing, Rena R.
Cahill, Alison G.
Clifton, Rebecca G.
Couch, Kimberly A.
Gallager, Dympna
Josefson, Jami L.
Joshipura, Kaumudi
Klein, Samuel
Martin, Corby K.
Peaceman, Alan M.
Phelan, Suzanne
Thom, Elizabeth A.
Redman, Leanne M.
,
Hagobian, T. A.
Schaffner, A.
Hart, C.
Yin, E. K.
Phipps, M. G.
Abrams, B.
Scholl, T. O.
Savitz, D. A.
Munoz-Christian, K.
Jelalian, E.
Gallagher, D.
Rosenn, B.
Paley, C.
Gidwani, S.
Horowitz, M.
Crane, J.
Lin, S.
Thornton, J.
Holowaty, M.
Janumala, I.
Johnson, J.
Toro-Ramos, T.
Widen, E.
Yu, W.
Campos, M.
Trak-Fellermeier, M. A.
Meléndez, M.
Palacios, C.
Pomeroy, J.
Febo, I.
Vergara, J.
Rivera, J.
Méndez, K.
Torres, R.
Soltero, S.
Ramos, L.
Rivera, V.
Willett, W. C.
Gillman, M. W.
Stein, R.
Mathur, A.
Cade, W. T.
Kwasny, M.
Neff, L.
Gernhofer, N.
Vincent, E.
Vignolles, V.
Spring, B.
Elkind-Hirsh, K.
Breaux, J.
Hsia, D. S.
Burton, J. H.
Cain, L. E.
Altazan, A. A.
Sutton, E. F.
Gilmore, L. A.
Curtis, J. M.
Dunnigan, D. L.
Grice, B. A.
Hanson, R. L.
Hoskin, M. A.
Kavena, K. G.
Moffett, C.
Murphy, S.
Nelson, J. A.
Nelson, R. G.
Sangster, S.
Liao, J. R. M.
Shovestull, L. A.
Tanamas, S. K.
Williams, R.
Boekhoudt, T.
Evans, M.
Yanovski, S. Z.
Alekel, D. L.
Miodovnik, M.
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive And Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (T32DK064584)
The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U01 DK094418, U01 DK094463, U01 DK094416, 5U01 DK094466, U01 DK094418, U01 DK094463, U01 DK094416, 5U01 DK094466, U01 DK094418, U01 DK094463, U01 DK094416, 5U01 DK094466, U01 DK094418, U01 DK094463, U01 DK094416, 5U01 DK094466, U01 DK094418, U01 DK094463, U01 DK094416, 5U01 DK094466, U01 DK094418, U01 DK094463, U01 DK094416, 5U01 DK094466, U01 DK094418, U01 DK094463, U01 DK094416, 5U01 DK094466, U01 DK094418, U01 DK094463, U01 DK094416, 5U01 DK094466, U01 DK094418, U01 DK094463, U01 DK094416, 5U01 DK094466, U01 DK094418, U01 DK094463, U01 DK094416, 5U01 DK094466)
NIDDK Nutrition Obesity Research Centers (P30 DK026687, P30 DK072476, P30 DK56341, P30 DK026687, P30 DK072476, P30 DK56341, P30 DK026687, P30 DK072476, P30 DK56341, P30 DK026687, P30 DK072476, P30 DK56341, P30 DK026687, P30 DK072476, P30 DK56341, P30 DK026687, P30 DK072476, P30 DK56341, P30 DK026687, P30 DK072476, P30 DK56341, P30 DK026687, P30 DK072476, P30 DK56341)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (U01 HD072834, U01 HD072834)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences Clinical and Translational Science Awards (U54 GM104940, U54 MD007587, UL1 RR024992, U54 GM104940, U54 MD007587, UL1 RR024992, U54 GM104940, U54 MD007587, UL1 RR024992, U54 GM104940, U54 MD007587, UL1 RR024992, U54 GM104940, U54 MD007587, UL1 RR024992, U54 GM104940, U54 MD007587, UL1 RR024992, U54 GM104940, U54 MD007587, UL1 RR024992)
The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01 HL114344, U01 HL114377, U01 HL114344, U01 HL114377, U01 HL114344, U01 HL114377, U01 HL114344, U01 HL114377)
Article History
Received: 16 December 2024
Accepted: 14 July 2025
First Online: 30 September 2025
Declarations
:
: Institutional review boards for each site and the LIFE-Moms Data Safety Monitoring Board approved and monitored the studies and all studies were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All study participants provided written and informed consent prior to participation.
: This manuscript does not contain any details, images, or videos related to an induvial person.
: The authors declare no competing interests.