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Article History

Received: 3 February 2025

Accepted: 22 September 2025

First Online: 12 November 2025

Declarations

:

: Full ethical approval for the FUEL study was obtained from the University of Birmingham Ethical Review Committee on the 20th August 2019 (ERN_18-1738). For all participating school pupils we obtained written assent and passive consent from their parents.

: The authors provide consent for the publication of the manuscript detailed above, including any accompanying images or data contained within the manuscript.

: MP, AS, EF, SB, AA, TG, KH, EL, SP, VR and PA received support from the National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Public Health Programme (17/92/39) for the submitted work. Additional research grants related to the research topic have been received by MP, MM, EF, AA, TG, KH, IP, SS and PA. MP has received funding from NIHR, Public Health England and The Office of Health Improvement and Disparities. MM has received research funding from NIHR and the UK Prevention Research Partnership Initiative (UKPRP). EF has received research funding from NIHR, Economics and Social Research Council, EUniWell Alliance and UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) Biotechnology Biological Sciences Research Council. AA has received research funding from NIHR and the UK Prevention Research Partnership. TG has received research funding from the UKRI. KH has received research funding from NIHR. IP has received research funding from the European Commission. SS has received research funding from NIHR, the Medical Research Council (MRC) PHIND programme and UKPRP. PA has received funding from NIHR, the MRC and the Colt Foundation. MP served as a Board Member (unpaid) of Birmingham Food Council (Community Interest Company) from September 2019 to September 2022, and is a member of the oversight committees of two NIHR-funded studies and a MRC-funded study. AS receives funding from the NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre. EF holds a NIHR Professorship, is a member of the NIHR Public Health Research Programme Funding Committee, is an elected Board member of the International Health Economics Association and is a member of the All Party Parliamentary Group on Obesity. EF has received funding to support travel to the UK Association for the Study of Obesity (ASO) conference (funding from ASO) and payment from NESTA for delivering a health economics training session. AA has received a NIHR Senior Investigator award, and is Director of the NIHR School of Public Health Research, Chair of the Advisory Board for DECIPHer (Cardiff University, UK), and Chair of the NIHR Advanced Local Authority Fellowship Panel. PA has received a NIHR Senior Investigator award, and is the Chair of the NIHR Public Health Research Programme Funding Committee, Deputy Director of the NIHR School for Public Health Research, a member of the NIHR Public Health Research Programme Prioritisation Committee, a member of the Wellcome Trust Early Career Advisory Group in Population and Public Health, Chair/member of seven NIHR, MRC or UKPRP-funded study oversight committees, a member of a NESTA-funded project advisory group, an assessor for Panel A, subpanel 2 in the 2021 Research Excellence Framework and a former member of the Obesity Health Alliance Independent Obesity Strategy Working Group (2019-2021). PA was also a member of the NIHR Palliative and End of Life Care Research Partnerships call panel and the NIHR/UKRI ‘Long COVID’ (Research into the longer-term effects of COVID-19 in non-hospitalised individuals) funding call panel in 2021, and a member of the NIHR COVID-19 Recovery and Learning Funding Committee in 2020. PA has received funding from the NIHR, the Irish Health Research Board, the Icelandic Research Fund and the Wellcome Trust to attend funding/advisory committee meetings. MP, MM and TG are co-Chairs of the UK Society for Behavioural Medicine Child Health Special Interest Group.