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Authors
De Oliveira, Mariane H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6552-3430
Lo, Brian K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7713-1349
Lee, Matthew M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1510-3753
Armbruster, Stephanie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1475-8667
Grafft, Natalie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6388-8922
Park, In Young https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4568-7366
Cantu-Aldana, Alejandra https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9425-9889
Bauer, Katherine W. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3512-3994
Coley, Rebekah Levine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7172-061X
Haneuse, Sebastien https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4963-0655
Davison, Kirsten https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3492-918X
Haines, Jess https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7315-1211
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD098421)
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Article History
Received: 9 October 2025
Accepted: 2 April 2026
First Online: 1 May 2026
Declarations
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: The GUTS study was approved by the Human Subjects Committee at Brigham and Women's Hospital, with consent obtained from mothers for the inclusion of their children. The F&F study was approved by the Massachusetts General Brigham Institutional Review Board (protocol #: 2020P002688) and the Boston College Institutional Review Board (protocol #: 22.201.01), with informed consent obtained from all participating fathers.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
