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Article History

Received: 9 December 2025

Accepted: 5 May 2026

First Online: 14 May 2026

Declarations

:

: All participants provided written informed consent for a study protocol approved by the institutional review board of Heidelberg University. The Medical Ethics Committee II of the Medical Faculty Mannheim at the Ruprecht-Karls-University in Heidelberg, Germany, approved the study (approval no. 2014–555 N-MA).

: Not applicable.

: A.M.-L. has received consultant fees from the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Atheneum Partners, Blueprint Partnership, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daimler und Benz Stiftung, Elsevier, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, ICARE Schizophrenia, K. G. Jebsen Foundation, L.E.K. Consulting, Lundbeck International Foundation (LINF), R. Adamczak, Roche Pharma, Science Foundation, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Synapsis Foundation – Alzheimer Research Switzerland, System Analytics, and has received lecture fees, including travel fees, from Boehringer Ingelheim, Fama Public Relations, Institut d’investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Janssen-Cilag, Klinikum Christophsbad, Göppingen, Lilly Deutschland, Luzerner Psychiatrie, LVR Klinikum Düsseldorf, LWL PsychiatrieVerbund Westfalen-Lippe, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Reunions i Ciencia S. L., the Spanish Society of Psychiatry, Südwestrundfunk Fernsehen, Stern TV and Vitos Klinikum Kurhessen. U.E.-P. receives fees for consulting from Boehringer-Ingelheim and speaker honorarium from Angelini Pharma, which are not related to the submitted work.All other authors have no competing interests.