Kudlek, Laura https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0947-3640
Smith, Andrea D.
Ruggiero, Cara F.
Pennells, Lisa
Kininmonth, Alice R.
Steinsbekk, Silje
Jansen, Pauline W.
Ahern, Amy L.
McCarthy, Elaine K.
Gross, Amy
Viana, Victor
van Deutekom, Arend W.
Spence, John C.
Fisher, Jennifer Orlet
Hayes, Jacqueline
Haycraft, Emma
Hardman, Charlotte A.
Silveira, Patricia P.
Emond, Jennifer A.
Eloranta, Aino-Maija
dos Passos Gomes, Darlise R.
Lumeng, Julie C.
Cross, Matthew B.
Carnell, Susan
Fildes, Alison
Llewellyn, Clare
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00006/6)
Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00006/5)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR203312)
National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR203312)
British Heart Foundation (RG/F/23/110103)
Economic and Social Research Council (PR:1948633)
MQ Mental Health Research
Rosetrees Trust
Article History
Received: 9 January 2026
Accepted: 2 July 2026
First Online: 25 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval and consent to participate were obtained by original investigators for each included study. No additional ethical approval was obtained for this secondary analysis of original study data.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: ALA is a member of the scientific advisory board for Weight Watchers and has undertaken consultancy for Menwell Health and Juniper (all payments to her institution). CAH reports research funding for work unrelated to the submitted manuscript from the American Beverage Association; membership of Global Nutrition Advisory Council for Mars; primary supervisor of PhD studentship funded by Coca-Cola; membership of UK Government’s Food Standards Agency’s Advisory Committee on Social Sciences; honoraria from International Sweeteners Association and International Food Information Council for invited talks. CL held funding from the UKRI Medical Research Council Grant to support an intervention based on child eating behaviour, involving eating behaviour phenotyping. All other authors have no competing interests to declare.