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Authors
Zisou, Charilaos
Maylor, Benjamin D.
Acquah, Aidan
Hammami, Imen
Reynolds, Amy C.
Maddison, Kathleen J.
McVeigh, Joanne A.
Eastwood, Peter
Straker, Leon
Healy, Genevieve N.
Dunstan, David W.
Davies, Melanie J.
Yates, Thomas
Rowlands, Alex V.
Edwardson, Charlotte L.
Smith-Byrne, Karl
Hopewell, Jemma C.
Doherty, Aiden
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Oxford British Heart Foundation (BHF) Centre of Research Excellence (RE/18/3/34214)
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2026
Accepted: 29 August 2026
First Online: 15 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All participants provided written informed consent. The SWAL study was approved by the University of Leicester’s Sub-Committee for Medicine and Biological Sciences (Ref: 14372) and the University of Salford’s Research Enterprise and Engagement ethical approval panel (Ref: HSR1718-039). The Raine Study was approved by the University of Western Australia Human Research Ethics Committee (Ref: 2025/ET000219). For the CAP-24 study, ethical approval was obtained from the University of Leicester Ethics Committee (Ref: 0425).
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The Nuffield Department of Population Health receives research grants from industry that are governed by University of Oxford contracts that protect its independence and has a staff policy of not taking personal payments from the pharmaceutical and food industries; further details can be found at .
