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Authors
Stein, Michael J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1120-1751
Lendt, Claas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4299-4739
Bamberg, Fabian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7460-3942
Barbaresko, Janett https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0855-2769
Baurecht, Hansjörg https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9265-5594
Berger, Klaus https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8966-3684
Bohmann, Patricia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0931-8651
Brummer, Julian https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9022-5497
Buck, Christoph https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0261-704X
Fischer, Beate
Freisling, Heinz
Georges, Daniela https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1627-2767
Greiser, Karin Halina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3213-8285
Heise, Jana-Kristin https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7194-8673
Herbolsheimer, Florian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2137-4082
Huemer, Marie-Theres https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4329-8607
Karch, André
Keil, Thomas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9108-3360
Krist, Lilian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6089-5163
Lieb, Wolfgang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2544-4460
Meinke-Franze, Claudia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6137-9702
Mikolajczyk, Rafael
Nimptsch, Katharina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7877-205X
Obi, Nadia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0903-9142
Övermöhle, Cara
Pischon, Tobias https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1568-767X
Ringhof, Steffen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1823-1037
Schmidt, Börge https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6948-7273
Scholz, Markus https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4059-1779
Sekula, Peggy https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2263-447X
Steindorf, Karen https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5215-5651
Stürmer, Paula https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3305-5629
Völzke, Henry https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7003-399X
Westerman, Ronny https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7107-6585
Wirkner, Kerstin
Wirler, Johanna https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2644-4953
Peters, Annette https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6645-0985
Leitzmann, Michael F. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0371-2789
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universität Regensburg
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Article History
Received: 28 May 2026
Accepted: 10 September 2026
First Online: 15 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The NAKO obtained ethics approval from the relevant local ethics committees (Bayrische Landesärztekammer: 13023). UK Biobank obtained ethics approval from the North West Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee (REC reference: 21/NW/0157). All participants provided written informed consent. This study has been conducted in line with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: Fabian Bamberg: Bayer Healthcare - consultancy, speakers bureau, unrestricted research grant; Siemens Healthineers - unrestricted research grant. All other authors declare no conflict of interest for this work.
