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Authors
De Oliveira, Mariane H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6552-3430
Lo, Brian K. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7713-1349
Grafft, Natalie https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6388-8922
Levine Coley, Rebekah https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7172-061X
Haines, Jess https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7315-1211
Davison, Kirsten https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3492-918X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01 HD098421)
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Article History
Received: 18 June 2026
Accepted: 7 October 2026
First Online: 12 October 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The GUTS study was approved by the Human Subjects Committee at Brigham and Women's Hospital (protocol #: 1999P002104), with consent obtained from mothers for the inclusion of their children. The F&F study was approved by the Mass General Brigham Institutional Review Board (protocol #: 2020P002688) and the Boston College Institutional Review Board (protocol #: 22.201.01), with informed consent obtained from all participating fathers.
Consent for publication: Not Applicable
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
