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The association of cigarette smoking with the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy: based on cross-sectional survey and mendelian randomization

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-024-06002-z

Published Online: 2024-12-31

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Wang, Bin

Li, Hui

Ma, Huafeng

Chen, ZaiHong https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4920-1778
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2024-12-31

Version of Record valid from 2024-12-31
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Article History

Received: 17 April 2024

Accepted: 17 December 2024

First Online: 31 December 2024

Declarations

:

: Since the data adopted in this study were all publicly available data from the Finngen database, UK Biobank, leu Open Gwas Project and NHANES, all data related studies were approved by their respective ethical review committees and received written informed consent from patients. Therefore, this study does not need additional ethics approval.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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