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Authors
Lai, Jiahui https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7851-5786
Cheng, Cailian
Liang, Tiantian
Tang, Leile
Guo, Xinhua
Liu, Xun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81873631)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81370866)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81070612)
Department of Natural Resources of Guangdong Province (2020B1515120037)
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Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Accepted: 6 June 2025
First Online: 15 August 2025
Declarations
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: This study analyzed publicly available deidentified data from NHANES 1999–2018, CHARLS, CHNS, and SYSU3 CKD cohorts. For the NHANES, CHARLS, and CHNS datasets, ethical approval was not required as these are publicly available anonymized datasets where participants had already provided informed consent for research use during the original data collection. For the SYSU3 CKD cohort, this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University (Approval No. [2023]02-358-01), and the requirement for individual informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the analysis and the use of deidentified data.
: Not applicable as no individual person’s data are contained in this manuscript in any identifiable form.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. None of the authors have financial or non-financial interests that may be relevant to the submitted work.
