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Article History

Received: 31 July 2025

Accepted: 5 August 2025

First Online: 21 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki. All datasets were fully anonymized and from previous studies. The ethics committee of the Hannover Medical School Germany waived ethical approval under the reference number 3116–2016 for all studies involving re-use of data from anonymized urine samples.

: Not applicable.

: HM is the co-founder and co-owner of Mosaiques Diagnostics (Hannover, Germany). He filed a patent application on the in silico driven treatment prediction model using urinary peptidomics (EP 23734620.0). AL, TMNN, IG, IM and JS are employed by Mosaiques Diagnostics. ALC is member of the BCS Chair Programme Committee. HR has received consulting fees from Otsuka (Advisory Board Sebiprenlimab), Bayer Vital (Advisory Board Herz und Niere) and Stada (Neue Dg und Th Optionen), payment or honoraria from AstraZeneca (Therapien der Zukunft, DGfN), Boehringer (Herz Forum Heidelberg), Pfizer (Kardiologie Hand in Hand im Frankenland), Vifor (ANCA-Vaskulitis) and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Alexion (DGfN) and AstraZeneca (ERA). GG is co-chair of the European Uremic Toxin Workgroup (EUTox) and was supported for attending meetings and/or travel from the COST ACTION PerMediK (CA21165). JPS was supported by the ERA PerMed SIGNAL project (Agence Nationale de le Recherche under grant number ANR-22-PERM-0002–06). AO has received grants from Sanofi (Grants to institution: IIS-FJD UAM) and is Director of the Catedra Astrazeneca-UAM of chronic kidney disease and electrolytes (Grants to Universidad Autonoma de Madrid (UAM)). AO has also received consultancy fees from Astellas, Astrazeneca, Bioporto, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fresenius Medical Care, GSK, Bayer, Sanofi- Genzyme, Lilly, Chiesi, Otsuka, Novo-Nordisk, Sysmex, speaker fees from Astellas, Astrazeneca, Bioporto, Boehringer Ingelheim, Fresenius Medical Care, GSK, Bayer, Sanofi- Genzyme, Sobi, Menarini, Lilly, Chiesi, Otsuka, Novo-Nordisk, Sysmex and Vifor Fresenius Medical Care Renal Pharma and Spafarma, and travel support (Payments to travel agency or hotel for travel/stay) from Astellas, Astrazeneca, Fresenius Medical Care, Boehringer- Ingelheim, Bayer, Sanofi-Genzyme, Chiesi, Sobi, Bayer. He is a member of the Council ERA. SOMANE. PR has received grants (to the institution) by Novo Nordisk, Bayer, Astra Zeneca. He also received honoraria to the institution for education, steering group membership and/or consultancy from Abbott, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Astra Zeneca, Novo Nordisk, Gilead, Sanofi, Daiichi Sankyo. His institution has also received study drugs from Astra Zeneca, Lexicon, Novo Nordisk, Bayer. Remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used [ChatGPT by OpenAI, Grammarly]. in order to improve readability and language, including grammar. After using this tool, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take(s) full responsibility for the content of the publication.