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Article History

Received: 18 July 2025

Accepted: 11 September 2025

First Online: 3 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of our hospital (Approval No. KY-20250709001.A01). For immunohistochemistry experiments, this study is a retrospective study. It mainly conducts data analysis based on the medical records and relevant laboratory test results retained during previous clinical diagnosis and treatment processes. The research content does not involve any interventional operations on patients, nor does it affect the diagnosis and treatment process and results of patients. All the included data will be anonymized before analysis, not containing information that can identify an individual, such as the patient's name, ID number, address, and phone number, to ensure patient privacy and data security. The data is only used for the purpose of this study and will not be used for other purposes without permission. Since this study does not involve direct contact with patients, it will not cause any physical or psychological impact on them. Moreover, as the research objects are previous data and it is impossible to contact each patient individually to obtain informed consent, it is not appropriate to obtain informed consent from patients on a case—by—case basis for this study. Considering the low risk of the study, the anonymity of the data, and the minimal impact on the rights and interests of the subjects, we have applied to the ethics committee for exemption from informed consent and the application has been approved. Regarding the extraction of human peripheral blood CD4 + T cells, we have obtained informed consent from volunteers and passed the ethical review of the ethics committee.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.