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Authors
Kaczmarczyk, Mariusz
Kędzierska-Kapuza, Karolina
Skonieczna-Żydecka, Karolina
Surówka, Anna
Drożdżal, Sylwester
Lechowicz, Kacper
Buszman, Mariusz
Szkudlarek, Urszula
Cembrowska-Lech, Danuta
Podsiadło, Konrad
Samborowska, Emilia
Łoniewski, Igor https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-4985
Ciechanowski, Kazimierz
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Article History
Received: 7 July 2025
Accepted: 10 October 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the local bioethics committee at Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin (Resolution no. KB-0012/59/17; date: 27.03.2017). Written informed consent was obtained from all individuals.
: Not applicable.
: I. Ł. is a shareholder in Sanprobi, a probiotic company. M. K., K. P., and D. C.-L. are employees of Sanprobi. K. S.-Ż. receives remuneration from Sanprobi. The synbiotic and placebo capsules were provided by Sanprobi. Importantly, the company had no role in randomization, and data collection. All analyses were performed independently by the academic investigators, and all authors had full access to the data andaccepted responsibility for the integrity and accuracy of the results.
