Funding for this research was provided by:
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2024MD764068)
The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (PYJJ2022-07)
The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (PYJJ2022-05)
Article History
Received: 24 July 2025
Accepted: 1 December 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Declarations
:
: Ethical approval for CHARLS and ELSA was obtained from the Peking University Ethics Committee and the London Multi-Centre Research Ethics Committee, respectively. Informed written consent was obtained from all participants involved in the studies.
: All authors agree to publish this paper.
: None.