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Authors
Zhang, Yingqian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1208-6070
Al-Hakeim, Hussein Kadhem
Al-Jassas, Hawraa Kadhem
Maes, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2012-871X
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Article History
Received: 6 November 2025
Accepted: 6 January 2026
First Online: 14 January 2026
Declarations
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: Every participant signed a written informed consent form. The research obtained authorization from the Najaf Health Directorate Training and Human Development Center and the institutional ethics board of the University of Kufa, as documented with the numbers 4316 − 2024/1/29. The research complied with Iraqi and international ethical and privacy regulations, including the International Conference on Harmonization of Good Practice, the Belmont Report, the CIOMS Guidelines, and the Declaration of Helsinki by the World Medical Association. Furthermore, our institutional review board adheres to the International Guidelines for Human Research Safety (ICH-GCP).
: The authors state that they have no financial conflicts of interest.
