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Article History

Received: 13 December 2025

Accepted: 13 February 2026

First Online: 28 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Authors confirm that the study was approved by the Institut of Recerca Sant Pau institutional ethics committee and certify that the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: All participants were made aware what kind of personal data will be processed, how it will be used and for what purpose. The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication.

: The following authors declare potential conflicts of interest outside the submitted work: Serra J: Astellas, Invited Speaker, Personal Astra Zeneca, Invited Speaker, Personal Astra Zeneca, Advisory Board, Personal BMS, Invited Speaker, Personal MSD, Invited Speaker, Personal MSD, Advisory Board, Personal Roche, Invited Speaker, Personal Eisai, Invited Speaker, Personal La Roche Posay, invited Speaker, Personal Johnson and Johnson, Invited Speaker, Personal Barba A: Astrazeneca advisory board and invited speaker, BMS expert testimony and invited speaker, Jansenn congress funding, MSD invited speaker, Novartis invited speaker, Pfizer invited speaker and congress funding, Piere Fabre invited speaker and congress funding, Regeneron invited speaker, Roche invited speaker and advisory board, Sanofy advisory board and invited speaker; BMS Principal Investigator, Clinical Trial CA224-1044; Dizal Prinpial Investigator DZ2022E0005 & DZ2019E0001; Pfizer Principal Investigator, Clinical Trial C4221016 Callejo Á: Astra Zeneca employee. Majem M: Advisory Board or consulting fees: Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Beigene, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Helsinn Therapeutics, Johnson & Johnson, Elli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Takeda, Sanofi, Janssen, Cassen Recordatti. Research funding (institution): Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Travel and accommodation support: AstraZeneca, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pfizer, MSD The rest of authors do not declare any conflicts of interest. Study sponsored by AstraZeneca Farmacéutica Spain S.A.