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Authors
Wang, Dongying
Mu, Shuai
Zhang, Minghui
Tao, Guangyu
Wang, Shuyuan
Shen, Yinchen
Xiao, Guanxi
Zhang, Xueyan
Cheng, Lei
Han, Baohui
Zhong, Hua
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82373425 and No. 82372722)
Medical Innovation Research Special Project of the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (No. 23Y11904200)
Shanghai Innovative Medical Device Application Demonstration Project 2023 (No. 23SHS02600)
Shanghai “Rising Stars of Medical Talents” Youth Development Program (No. SHWSRS(2024)_070)
Shanghai Key Laboratory Open Project (No. 22DZ2229005)
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Article History
Received: 17 November 2025
Accepted: 23 February 2026
First Online: 3 March 2026
Declarations
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: This multicenter retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the institutional review boards of all participating centers: Shanghai Chest Hospital (approval no. LS1907), Chinese PLA General Hospital (approval no. S2024-792-01), and Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital (approval no. 2024200). The requirement for informed consent was waived because of the observational design.
: Not applicable.
: The funding sources had no role in the design or conduct of the study, including the collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; the preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; or the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
: All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
