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Authors
Yin, Wenjie
Xu, Miao
Niu, Zixuan
Gao, Yan
Su, Na
Song, Yutong
Liu, Qinghuai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1605-1964
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82471096)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82271100)
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Article History
Received: 20 November 2025
Accepted: 25 February 2026
First Online: 11 March 2026
Declarations
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: Animal experiments were strictly conformed to the guidelines of the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (published by the NIH publication No. 86–23, revised 1996) and approved by the ethical review board of Nanjing Medical University (Approval No.: 2306048). Human FVMs tissue samples are collected from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy undergoing vitrectomy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. The study was approved by the institutional review boards at Ethic Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University and registered at (ID NCT04682054; registered on December 23, 2020). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients, in accordance with the policies approved by the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Inclusion criteria: Patients diagnosed with PDR according to the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) classification. Presence of FVM requiring surgical removal during pars plana vitrectomy. Age ≥ 18 years. Ability to provide informed consent. Exclusion criteria: History of previous vitreoretinal surgery. Presence of other retinal vascular diseases (e.g., retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusion). History of intravitreal anti-VEGF injection within 3 months prior to surgery. Presence of other ocular diseases that may affect retinal vasculature (e.g., uveitis, glaucoma). Systemic diseases other than diabetes that may affect vascular biology (e.g., uncontrolled hypertension, autoimmune diseases). FVM samples were collected during standard pars plana vitrectomy procedures. Membranes were carefully dissected from the retinal surface using vitreoretinal forceps and immediately processed for subsequent analyses. For immunohistochemistry, samples were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde.
: All authors agree to submit for consideration for publication in the journal.
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
