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Article History

Received: 8 December 2025

Accepted: 21 February 2026

First Online: 7 March 2026

Declarations

:

: All participants consented to protocols for tissue procurement (NCT00006518) and genomic sequencing of KS and other KSHV-associated diseases (NCT03300830). Both protocols were approved by the NIH Institutional Review Board. All enrolled participants gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: A part of this study was presented at the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) 2025, Chicago, IL and the International Conference on Malignancy in HIV 2024, Bethesda, MD. Data from this material should not be interpreted as representing the viewpoint of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the National Institutes of Health, or the National Cancer Institute.

: R. Yarchoan, R Ramaswami and K Lurain report receiving research support from Celgene (now Bristol Myers Squibb), CTI BioPharma (a Sobi A.B. Company), PDS Biotech, and Janssen Pharmaceuticals through CRADAs with the NCI. R. Yarchoan, R Ramaswami and K Lurain also reports receiving drugs for clinical trials from Merck, EMD-Serano, and Eli Lilly and preclinical material from Lentigen Technology through CRADAs or MTAs with the NCI. T.S. Uldrick reports receiving other commercial research support from Roche through a CTA with Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and is now employed by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals. R. Yarchoan is a co-inventor on US Patent 10,001,483 entitled “Methods for the treatment of Kaposi’s sarcoma or KSHV-induced lymphoma using immunomodulatory compounds, and uses of biomarkers.” R. Yarchoan is also a coinventor on patents on a peptide vaccine for HIV and on the treatment of Kaposi sarcoma with IL12, and an immediate family member of R. Yarchoan is a co-inventor on patents related to internalization of target receptors, on KSHV viral IL-6, and on the use of calreticulin and calreticulin fragments to inhibit angiogenesis. All rights, title, and interest to these patents have been or should by law be assigned to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; the government conveys a portion of the royalties it receives to its employee inventors under the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986 (P.L. 99–502). No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed by the other authors.