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Article History

Received: 27 May 2025

Accepted: 27 February 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Declarations

:

: CHARLS was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (approval number: IRB00001052-11015 for household survey and IRB00001052-11014 for blood sample). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and all participants provided written consent.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.