Wu, Jiasheng
Huang, Haohao
Li, Xinbo
Zhu, Hongtao
Ma, Yixuan
Liu, Xiaojin
Liu, Hongbin
Zhang, Suojun
Zhang, Huaqiu
Lei, Ting
Li, Ran
Shu, Kai
You, Chao https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0327-0788
Funding for this research was provided by:
Key Technologies Research and Development Program (2023YFC2510000)
Key Technologies Research and Development Program (2022YFC2403905)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82403476)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82203879)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82072805)
Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2022CFB883)
Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2023AFB712)
Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province (2023AFB135)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022MD711253)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021MD703960)
Wuhan Science and Technology Project (2021022002023426)
Wuhan Science and Technology Project (2024040801020362)
General Hospital of People’s Liberation Army (ZZYCZ202107)
General Hospital of People’s Liberation Army (ZZYKF202202)
Article History
Received: 25 December 2025
Accepted: 6 March 2026
First Online: 14 March 2026
Declarations
:
: In this study, sampling and analysis of tissues from GBM patients is approved by The ethics committee of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (TJ-IRB20220325). Sampling and analysis of CSF and Serum form patients is approved by The ethics committee of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (TJ-IRB202405014). All research involving human patient samples obtained informed consent and was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki (2008). In vivo animal experiments are approved by The Institutional Review Board of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (TJH-202206015). All animal procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology and followed the guidelines of the China Guidelines for Welfare and Ethical Review of Laboratory Animals (GB/T 35892 − 2018).
: All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript for publication.
: No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.