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Authors
Ding, Yihong
Wang, Zhaoping
Shen, Ting
Hailili, Gulisiya
Yan, Minqing
Liu, Xiaoran
He, Di
Yuan, Changzheng
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Article History
Received: 31 October 2025
Accepted: 25 April 2026
First Online: 28 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent for participation in the study. The Health and Retirement Study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Michigan and the National Institute on Aging (HUM00061128). The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing was approved by the London Multicenter Research Ethics Committee (MREC/01/2/91).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests relevant to this article.
