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Article History

Received: 21 November 2025

Accepted: 7 May 2026

First Online: 21 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from clinically confirmed AR patients and age/sex-matched healthy controls following written informed consent. All procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University (Approval No: 2022–419), in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Male C57BL/6J mice and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (6–8 weeks, SPF-grade) were procured from Jinan Pengyue Experimental Animal Breeding Co., Ltd. (License No: SCXK[Lu]2023–0002). Animals were housed in specific pathogen-free SPF conditions at the Central Laboratory of Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, with environmental parameters maintained according to Chinese National Standards GB 14,925–2010 (environmental requirements) and GB 14,924.3–2010 (nutritional standards).

Consent for publication: All the authors have approved the manuscript and agree with its publication.

Competing interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.