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Article History

Received: 7 December 2025

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 5 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The Ethics Committee of the Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin approved this study in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments (protocol code EA1/129/23, date of approval: 04 July 2023). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

: LK, GC, CKP, MM, NL, CH, RR, MK, TH, LR, SK, and KW declare no conflicts of interest. OM is an unpaid assessor on the Board of Directors of the German Society for Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine. CvH received consulting fees, support for traveling and honoraria for lectures from Daiichi Sankyo, NovoNordisk GmbH unrelated to the submitted work. CvH is a participant on an advisory board at Artcline GmbH. CF received grants from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) and the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). CS received grants from the Federal Ministry of Health (BMG). CS received consulting fees from Celltrend and payment or honoraria from Bayer, Fresenius, Roche, Celltrend, Hausärzteverband Berlin, AGBAN AKADEMIE, Berufsverband Dt. Internisten. CS has a leadership position in the German Society for ME/CFS and is a participant in advisory boards at Berlin cures and the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM).